Zarqa Journal for Research and Studies in Humanities
The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT) is a specialized, refereed, and indexed journal that is published in English at the rate of six issues per year. IAJIT is the official journal of the Colleges of Computer and Information Society (CCIS), stemming from the Association of Arab Universities and published by Zarqa University, Jordan. IAJIT invites contributions from researchers, scientists, and practitioners from all over the world. The journal's papers cover various fields of humanities, such as literature, Sharia, economics, journalism, arts, education, law, and administration. It is concerned with transferring and developing knowledge so that researchers and those interested in these fields can get acquainted with everything new. As the journal hopes to benefit researchers in these fields, it seizes the opportunity to call upon the specialists in these fields to provide the editorial board with any comments or proposals that would raise the level of papers published by th
"Employing Dramatic Folk Games in Jordanian Theater: An Applied Study"
This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of employing dramatic folk games in Jordanian theater and to examine the intellectual aspects and dramatic approaches of these games, as well as how they can inspire theatrical performance. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to one of the few studies addressing this topic. The researcher seeks to analyze the nature of folk games, their intellectual and aesthetic content, and their motor and dialogic dimensions by purposefully selecting a number of such games and integrating them into theatrical construction. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and is limited to the performance of the play “Let’s Play” (2024), staged in Amman, Jordan.The findings indicate that Jordanian folk games contain several dramatic elements, including the presence of a text or idea, improvisational dialogue, a performer/actor, and an audience, all characterized by a collective and entertaining nature. Integrating these games into theatrical performance also conveys social, educational, and cultural messages that contribute to the development of social identity and personal growth in areas such as cooperation, solidarity, and the promotion of peace. This is achieved through framing cultural heritage associated with practices derived from daily life. Additionally, these games play a role in transmitting customs, traditions, and skills naturally and spontaneously from one generation to the next, highlighting features of popular culture rich in humanistic and social meanings, such as the importance of belonging and attachment to land and country. This study may benefit practitioners in folk arts and theater—including playwrights, directors, actors, and critics—as well as academic institutions concerned with folk culture and theater studies.
The Institution of the Hashemite Throne in the Hejaz between Politics and Administration during the Reign of Sharif Hussein Bin Ali 1916-1924 AD
This study aims to examine the political and administrative role of the Hashemite Royal Palace in the Kingdom of Hejaz during the reign of Sharif Hussein bin Ali during the period 1916-1924 AD. The problem of the study lies in explaining this role, its size and importance. Therefore, the study seeks to answer two main questions: (What is the political role played by the Hashemite Royal Palace in the Kingdom of Hejaz during the reign of Hussein bin Ali during the period mentioned above? And what was the administrative role of the palace during that period?). Hence, this study is based on the hypothesis: “The Hashemite royal palace during the reign of Sharif Hussein bin Ali played a major and effective role in the political and administrative aspects of the Kingdom of Hejaz during his reign, and that this had a positive impact on the Kingdom of Hejaz”. To answer the questions and achieve the research objectives, the study relies on two approaches (descriptive analytical and levels of analysis approach). The research is divided into (introduction and two chapters: the first: the political role of the Hashemite royal palace in the Kingdom of Hejaz during the reign of Sharif Hussein bin Ali during the period 1916-1924 AD, and the second: the administrative role of the Hashemite royal palace in the Kingdom of Hejaz during the reign of Sharif Hussein bin Ali during the period 1916-1924 AD, and a conclusion.
The Legal Perspective on the Contract of the Cheerleaders
The principle of contractual freedom in civil law permits individuals to engage in any agreements they desire that cater to their legitimate interests, as long as these agreements do not contravene mandatory legal provisions, public order, or public morals. Among the agreements formed by individuals is the "cheerleader contract", in which a group commits to promoting a theatrical, cultural, sporting, or entertainment event through different methods, like clapping and cheering, to sway the audience. This study examines the legal dimensions of the cheerleader contract, encompassing its definition, traits, and differentiation from analogous contracts, while also elucidating its legal nature. The paper adopts both descriptive and analytical approaches, clarifying the legal definition of the cheerleader contract, examining its traits and characteristics, and evaluating the applicable legal clauses in the Jordanian Civil Code related to contract regulations, relating them to the cheerleader contract. The researcher determined that the cheerleader contract represents a legal agreement that lacks dedicated regulation, even though it is significant in practice. The researcher suggests that the Jordanian legislator should take action to regulate the terms of this contract to ensure public rights and safeguard them from potential harm that might arise from its use without clear regulations.
The level of emotional intelligence among Jordanian university students and the effect of some variables on it
This research seeks to uncover the degree of emotional intelligence in Jordanian university students and the influence of specific variables on it. A correlational descriptive method is employed. The study's demographic includes all undergraduate students registered in Jordanian universities, amounting to 279,488 students, divided as such: 201,193 students in public universities and 78,295 students in private universities for the academic year 2021-2022. The sample for the study included 1,667 students, chosen through stratified random sampling. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (Mayer and Salovey, 1997) is translated into Arabic, verified, and its psychometric characteristics are assessed. The findings indicate that the emotional states of the participants are: "Needs development" (8 students, 0.5%) and "Needs improvement" (405 students, 0.24%). "Low," with a count of (461) at (28.0%). "High," with a count of (352) at (0.21%). "Capable," totaling (239) at (0.14%). "Robust," counting (142) at (0.9%). "Powerful and significant," counting (60) at (0.4%). The findings indicate statistically significant differences across all emotional intelligence dimensions based on the type of faculty variable, with (Scientific) faculties showing advantages over (Humanities and Health). No distinctions are observed between (Humanities and Health). Statistically significant variations are identified in the dimensions (emotion regulation, emotion recognition, emotion experience, and emotional blend) based on the gender variable, with females showing advantages. Differences that are statistically significant are also observed in the aspects (emotional facilitation, emotional volatility, emotional control, experiencing emotions, and emotional mix) of the emotional intelligence scale based on the university variable, favoring (public).
Reporter’s Role in Shaping Environmental Awareness by Enriching News Broadcasts on Jordanian Television
This research aims to uncover the role of news reporters in enhancing news programs on Jordanian television concerning the development of public environmental consciousness. The research is founded on the idea that news journalists are essential in communicating and tackling environmental matters in news reporting, thereby helping to enhance public environmental awareness. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method, designing a questionnaire given to a sample of staff in the news division of the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation. The research found that news journalists significantly enhance environmental coverage by choosing pertinent subjects, utilizing trustworthy sources, and integrating aspects that raise awareness in their reports. The findings also highlight obstacles obstructing the coverage of environmental topics, particularly the absence of specialized training along with time and resource limitations. The research suggests that improving environmental education for journalists and implementing eco-friendly media policies in the media organization is essential.
The Level of Institutional Excellence and Its Impact on Improving Employee Performance in the Public Security Directorate in Jordan
This research seeks to evaluate the degree of institutional excellence and its influence on the development of employee performance in the Public Security Directorate of Jordan. The study examines three key questions centered on assessing the degree of institutional excellence, the performance levels of employees, and the statistical correlation between institutional excellence and performance enhancement. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method by employing a questionnaire given to a sample of (221) employees from different departments within the Public Security Directorate. The EFQM Excellence Model is utilized to determine the aspects of institutional excellence (innovation, customer orientation, and employee involvement) and to assess its performance. The findings show that the degree of institutional excellence in the Directorate is largely favorable, significantly influencing the development of employee performance. The research indicates that dedication to institutional excellence significantly aids in boosting job performance quality and increasing satisfaction for both employees and beneficiaries. Moreover, the research suggests promoting an innovative culture and creating training initiatives to enhance performance and attain lasting excellence in the security industry.
Baldwin I and His Geographical Expansion towards the Southeastern Regions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100-1118 AD)
This study explores the territorial growth of King Baldwin I (1100-1118 CE) in the southeastern area of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, encompassing current parts of southern Jordan, including Karak, Shobak, and Ayla. It emphasizes the strategic, geographical, and economic significance of these regions and their contribution to Baldwin's expansionist objectives to solidify his emerging kingdom and improve its stability. The research examines the factors and incentives that drove Baldwin towards this expansion, including military goals to safeguard the kingdom's boundaries, political aims to separate the Fatimid state from other Islamic entities, and economic aims to secure reliable resources that would sustain the Crusader kingdom's persistence. The study also explores the responses of regional authorities, especially the Fatimids and Abbasids, and highlights the factors contributing to the frailty of the Islamic resistance during that period. The research utilizes an analytical historical approach, relying on both Arab and foreign historical references, as well as contemporary studies. It concludes that Baldwin's expansion was not solely a military action, but a fundamental aspect of a wider expansionist initiative focused on dominating essential trade and religious pathways and solidifying the Crusader foothold in the area based on military, economic, and settlement principles.
Criminal Liability of Hidden Camera Pranks
The criminal law aims to protect people and the community from the violations of his legal rights and criminalised the illgal criminal activities, nonetheless some people practice some illegal activities without criminal intent to commit a crime, some people just intent to make jokes or funny shows to share it in the social media, best example of that is the hidden camera shows or in other word the pranks. These acts in general are acceptable, so people take it in kind of fun and don’t make it a serious thing.This study will explain how some of the pranks could lead to a criminal liability even though they committed without specific criminal intent. Some of the crimes committed with general intent, such as the battery crime, the defendant needs just to intent to commit the act without intent to cause the injury.If the law does not criminalise those crimes in a specific way that could cause the pranks maker to be more reckless and hurt the people with no expectation of being punished or prosecuted for their acts. Even if the people ( the victims) accept these act and don’t make a legal claim about it the law should be applied.So, this study focused on finding the solution and suggesting some recommendations that could help in limiting the spread of the illgel acts under the pranks name. This study is handling this issue in two prongs.
The Impact of Using Interactive Boards on Students' Achievement in English for Sixth-Grade Students in Jerash Governorate
The current research aims to reveal the interactive board's effect in increasing student achievement in basic schools in Jerash Governorate. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of two groups: control group of (34) participants and experimental group of (34) participants, including (68) male and female students enrolled in basic schools in Jerash Governorate. To meet the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared the study tool, which is an achievement test. The results of the study show that there are differences between the average scores of students in the experimental and control groups in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group, and that there are no differences in achievement attributable to the gender variable.
The Impact of Digital Auditing on Accounting in Jordan: A Study of the Current Situation and a Vision for the Future
This research aims to study the impact of implementing digital auditing on auditing in Jordan. It examines the current state of digital auditing in Jordan, the availability of modern technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) for digital auditing in Jordanian auditing firms, and the future impact of digital auditing on the auditing profession in Jordan. This is achieved by studying the effect of digital auditing on auditors' personal characteristics, audit procedures, and audit outputs. The study population consists of certified public accountants in Jordan. The sample is drawn from a questionnaire received electronically, which is then tabulated and distributed using simple random sampling. A total of 238 questionnaires are received electronically. The study results show that the requirements for digital auditing, including modern technologies and artificial intelligence techniques, are available in auditing firms in Jordan. The study results also show that the application of digital auditing affects the auditor's personal qualities, audit procedures, and audit outputs. The study recommended encouraging auditing firms to provide appropriate training in information technology for the auditors working in them and to conduct more studies on digital auditing.
Sadr Al-Shari'ah (d. 747 AH / 1346 AD) and His Views on Divinity (ilahiyyat) Subjects of Existence as a Model
This paper deals with Imam Sadr al-Shari'ah's views on the subject of existence, from the topics of divinity. The topic of existence is one of the most important issues in the science of al-kalam. Because many issues in the science of al-kalam are based on it which is why philosophers, theologians, and logicians have been discussing it for centuries. Sadr al-Shari’ah can be said to have developed original ideas on this topic, and his arguments and conclusions were unique. The topic will be analyzed under four subheadings. First: The definition of existence in language and terminology, and the Imam's opinion on this subject; and the second: His views on mental existence; and the third: His division of existence into old and new; and the fourth: His evidence for the Demonstration of Necessary Being. Before entering into the subject, Sadr al-Sharī's life, the scientific education, his place and importance in different sciences will be summarized and after that his views will be conveyed in light of what he wrote in his book Tadeel al-Ulum. The importance of this research lies in the fact that it deals with Sadr al-Shari'ah's views on existence in detail. This research followed a descriptive approach when presenting the evidence for each issue, as well as an analytical approach when citing them. Sadr al-shari'ah, defined existence in synonymous terms, rejected philosophers’ views on mental existence, proved that mental existence does not have an independent existence, refuted philosophers’ views on antiquity (qidam), reconsidered the evidences of the Necessary Being, and claimed to have developed four new proofs for it.
The recruitment of important social studies teachers and their business relationships in Omani schools
The aim of the study is to identify the degree of recruitment of senior teachers for the social studies of supervisory skills in Omani schools. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, researchers used the quantitative descriptive method by preparing an observation card of (25) expressions distributed in four areas. After verifying the authenticity and consistency of the tool, it is applied to a sample of 37 senior male and female teachers. The results of the study reveale that the average level of recruitment of senior-level teachers for the social studies of supervisory skills is (2.52) per cent. The field of technical tasks is ranked senior, while the field of training and development is ranked second. The area of supervisory deliberations is ranked third. The field of procedural research is ranked last. The results also indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the recruitment of senior-level teachers for the social studies of supervisory skills in Omani school due to gender and specialization variables. Researchers recommend that primary teachers should be trained in the use of procedural research and modern supervisory deliberations in order to be able to carry out their supervisory functions properly and in an integrated manner
Alternative Sanctions in Jordanian Criminal Law and an Assessment of Their Impact and Effectiveness
Contemporary criminal justice systems face growing hardship in harmonizing deterrence and punishment with rehabilitation and reintegration into society. In this context, the present paper examines the effectiveness of alternative punishments within Jordanian criminal law as a reformative solution to the limitations of custodial sentences, especially considering prison overcrowding and elevated re-offense rates. The aim of the study is to analyze the legal structure regulating alternative penalties in Jordanian law, including community service, conditional release, and rehabilitation programs, and to evaluate their alignment with international benchmarks like the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules (Tokyo Rules) and modern European examples. The study utilizes a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, focusing on the examination and interpretation of legal documents, along with an evaluation of the efficacy of these penalties based on pertinent field research and international experiences. The results indicate that different forms of punishment are a move towards a more restorative criminal justice system. Legislative challenges, insufficient implementation frameworks, and restricted societal support persist in hindering their utilization. To enhance the use of alternative penalties and harmonize criminal justice with human rights, the research recommends enacting extensive legal reforms, boosting public awareness efforts, and strengthening the capabilities of judges and law enforcement agencies
The Legal Framework for Declaring a State of Emergency in the Jordanian and Iraqi Constitutional Systems
The study aims to examine the legal provisions governing one of the applications of the doctrine of necessity in the Jordanian and Iraqi constitutions and the deficiencies therein. The researcher employs a comparative critical-analytical approach and concluds with several key and pivotal findings regarding the shortcomings in the constitutional organization of the legal system governing states of emergency and martial law. This exceptional legal system grants the executive authority the absolute right to unilaterally declare a state of emergency without any involvement from the legislative body, either in its initiation or termination. This stands in contrast to the Iraqi constitutional approach, which assigns a constitutional role to the legislative body in determining the necessity of resorting to this exceptional legal system, thereby highlighting the weakness of parliamentary oversight in such cases as an application of the doctrine of necessity in constitutional law. The study also recommends that the Jordanian constitutional legislator should amend certain provisions related to the legal framework governing states of emergency to align with the appropriate procedures for invoking them.
The Semiotics of Movement in Jabour Al-Duwaihy’s Novel Matar Haziran
The essence of movement in a novel constitutes of a semiotic given that it is inseparable from the novel's events, characters, and other elements. By studying the semiotics of emotions, we can deduce the essence of structural movement in the novel, devoid of detail, guiding the novel's overall narrative. This movement emerges through semiotic sequences that are foundational to the novel's structure. Jabbour Douaihy's novel, Matar Haziran, contains within it an essence of movement forming the basis of most scenes, and this movement is only disrupted by a significance related to the novel's world itself. The researcher concludes that a novel can carry a semiotic message that gives the work an aesthetic dimension. This message appears through the emotional sequences that the analysis reveals, revealing the nuclei of the constructive emotional movement that forms the novel, and reflects the feelings of the creator and his deep goal in constructing the novel.
The Departed on Guidance: A Study of the Omani Suluk Poem
This study explores some characteristics of the journey in the Omani Suluk (conduct) poem. It focuses on three main issues. The first revolves around the terms "journey" and "travel," searching for the references poets draw upon in shaping their poetic world as they embark on their spiritual journey toward Allah. The second is concerned with the features and contexts of travel, while the third is devoted to the purposes of such journeys. Through a structural approach, the study concludes that the terms related to departure are deeply rooted in a traditional poetic reference, primarily associated with praise poetry, as well as a Sufi poetic tradition. The study also finds that the poet is captivated by discussing the reasons that make the journey arduous and difficult to achieve, and is equally fascinated by describing the sweetness and joy of the journey if the traveler, guided by the light of truth, attains his spiritual goal in his quest toward Allah, driven by longing and passion.
Self-Compassion and Its Relationship to The Level of Ambition among University College Students at Al-Balqa Applied University in The Southern Region.
The study aims to identify the level of self-compassion and its relationship to ambition among university college students at Al-Balqa Applied University in the southern region in the light of some variables. To achieve the objectives of the study, the study scales are developed: self-compassion, ambition, and their validity and reliability are verified. The results indicate that the level of self-compassion is medium, while the level of ambition is high. The results also show a positive correlation between self-compassion and ambition. On the total score and in the two dimensions of the ability to set goals, the acceptance of the new is due to the variable (the academic year) and in favor of the first-year students.
The Language of Jordanian Media Advertisements and Social Media Sites: A Linguistic Study in the Reality of the Situation and Correctional Planning (Random Models)
This study aims to diagnose the current state of the language used in various advertisements, demonstrate the importance of linguistic planning in achieving linguistic development, and clarify the relationship between linguistic planning and preserving the identity of the Arabic language in the advertising field. It begins by analyzing the language of some advertisements broadcast through various Jordanian media outlets and social networking sites, using a descriptive and analytical approach, identifying the image in which they are presented, and linking them to practical examples to demonstrate the level of change in the use of classical Arabic. The study seeks to identify the error and its type, whether grammatical, morphological, stylistic, or lexical, and to addresses it in light of linguistic planning, in order to indicate the errors and defects of the speeches of most of those who deal with it in their advertisements. The study concluds with correctional suggestions for linguistic advertising development, by drawing up linguistic correctional suggestions that would protect and preserve the Arabic language. There is no advancement for the Arab nation and its economic, commercial, social, political, religious, educational, cultural, environmental, or tourism policies without empowering the classical Arabic language
Life Orientation as a Mediating Variable between Emotional Security and the Positive-Self among Social Worker
The current study aims to verify the possibility of considering life orientation as a mediating variable between emotional security and the positive self among social workers working in the directorates of the Ministry of Social Development in Palestine. Furthermore, the study explors the level of life orientation, emotional security, and positive-self amongst them. It also aims to reveal statistically significant differences in (life orientation, emotional security, and positive self) according to the variables (gender, age, and years of experience). The study sample is (N=104) social workers who are selected by a simple random method. The study uses the descriptive, correlational approach. In the study, measures (Life Orientation, Emotional Security, and Positive Self) are applied, and they demonstrate good psychometric properties. The results of the study show an effect of the mediating variable, life orientation, on the relationship between emotional security and the positive-self. The study also finds that the level of both life orientation, emotional security, and the positive-self is high among social workers. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in life orientation, emotional security, and positive-self according to the variables (gender, age, and years of experience).
Contractor's and Architect's Responsibility for Final Delivery in the Construction Contract according to Palestinian Law: A Comparative Study
This study examines the contractor's responsibility upon final delivery of construction works in a contract, as a crucial legal stage that establishes the transfer of possession and the commencement of warranties, especially the ten-year warranty. The research focuses on the Palestinian legal system, reviewing relevant texts in the Civil Code Journal, the Civil Violations Law of 1944 and its amendments, the Public Procurement Decree of 2014, and the Standard Document for Works Contracts, while making comparisons with Jordanian and French laws and FIDIC contract clauses. The study addresses the concept of final delivery and its types, clarifying that it is not merely a physical procedure, but a legal act with a direct effect on transferring the mortal consequences, terminating the contractor's responsibility for apparent flaws, and initiating their responsibility for hidden flaws. The study discusses the concept of delivery as the stage at which responsibility for the works is transferred from the contractor to the employer, defining its role in concluding execution and initiating warranties. It also reviews delivery types, such as preliminary and final delivery, explaining their importance in both practical and legal contexts. The research also analyzes the legal nature of the contractor's and engineer's responsibility. Reviewing the three jurisprudential approaches — contractual, legal, and negligence — the study concluded that professional shortcomings are legal responsibility of public order, which cannot be limited or waived by agreement. It is based on joint liability between the contractor and the engineer in the event of construction collapse or serious defect. The study highlights the advanced role of the Civil Violations Law in force in the Palestinian territories, particularly concerning negligence, fault, and non-material damage, and its consistency with the guarantees stipulated in French and Jordanian laws. The study concluded with recommendations calling for the modernization of the Palestinian legal framework through the issuance of a unified law regulating the provisions of final delivery and the ten-year warranty, mandating compulsory insurance, and enhancing the confidence of the parties to the construction contract in the legal system in a way that would achieve justice and prevent future disputes in construction contracts.
The Apocalyptic Order of the Most Beautiful Names of Allah in The Holy Qur’an
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the importance of the meaning of Allah's Most Beautiful Names in human life. The study drew the attention of researchers and scholars to the fact that in the Holy Quran, there are names of Allah that have been proven, after thorough investigation of their occurrence in the Surahs and verses of the Quran, to have a specific and ordered sequence. The number of these names is ninety-nine, and it is expected that this study will encourage the use of Allah's Most Beautiful Names, which are found in the Holy Quran, instead of the names found in the Hadith of Al-Tirmidhi, which people have taken to memorizing and many scholars have explained, despite the fact that the names in this Hadith are not from the sayings of the Prophet, peace be upon him, nor are they arranged by him, but rather they are the result of the narrator's interpretation and effort.