Plagiarism Policy

Plagiarism—defined as presenting another's ideas, text, equations, theorems, figures, tables, or creative expression as one's own—constitutes a violation of scientific ethics and copyright law. This includes:

1. Verbatim copying without quotation marks or source attribution.
2. Intentional paraphrasing without clear source indication.
3. Reuse of equations, figures, or tables without proper citation/permission.

All manuscripts are screened for plagiarism after submission and before peer review. Papers showing plagiarism will be automatically rejected. If plagiarism is detected post-publication, the article will be retracted per the journal's Retraction Policy. Legal action may apply for copyright violations.